Austrian surname search. Scroll the page and select the surname map generator.

Austrian surname search. Free trials are normally available and are a good way to fill out a lot of your tree quickly. This is a list of free Austria Genealogy Records at FamilySearch. It's also the birthplace of a great deal of musical innovation, as Vienna was the center of classical music during the 18th and 19th century. Select a country then a region to discover the ranking of the most common last names in that region. This strategy provides genealogists with a starting point for research in the birth country, when that information cannot be discovered through sources recorded in the new country of settlement. In some cases it may indicate the areas where it is represented far more often compared to other parts of Poland. Austria was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until its ending in 1806 and had been part of the German Confederation, a loose association of 39 separate German-speaking countries. Jun 14, 2025 · German last names reveal fascinating stories about medieval jobs, and family traits. Finding out if people of the same surname as your ancestors still live in Poland may be of great help in your family research. Geogen is brainchild of Christoph Stöpel, a software developer from Ludwigsfelde, Germany. Discover the most common surnames in Austria, a rich collection that reflects the cultural heritage and diversity of this European country. Naming practices are typically German. S. It could also be a toponym for people belonging to Anger in Bavaria, Germany. Such surnames are most common in the country. Austrian surnames are often influenced by Ethnicity,language and religion. A vast range of data is available to search ranging from census records, births, deaths and marriages, military records and immigration records to name but a few. Now replaced by: Austria-Forum (in German) Austrian nobility: see the " Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels " published by the Starke Verlag. Czech Genealogy RecordsIf your ancestors originally came from Bohemia, Moravia, or Silesia (the three regions of the Czech Republic), and you're working on your family tree and/or considering a trip to the Czech Republic to do genealogical research "in the field", this web site will help you understand the various records that are preserved within the 100+ State-run archives. Updated with 2025 data. Generate quickly surname distribution maps. Names: Maria, Elisabeth, Anna, Franz, Josef, Johann; Surnames: Gruber, Huber, Bauer, Wagner A list of submitted surnames in which the usage is austrian. For example, the surname "Mayer" means "landowner," and the surname "Schneider" means "tailor". Perfect for genealogy research, character naming, and understanding your Austrian heritage. Due to contractual obligations Search for your family name in our huge collection of Coats of Arms, Family Crests, and Badge images This page lets you search our huge collection of Coats of Arms, Crests and Badges by family name. Find clues for Austrian composer (surname) who died after his 7 down (8) or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers. Search and explore historical record collections and more in Continental Europe, Austria Jan 23, 2025 · Surnames may have changed during wartime when immigrants found themselves in a new country now at war with their former homeland. The characters would have been born in Austria during the 1930s and I'm looking for names that would have been used at that time and place. Free genealogy search engine for over 900,000 records from the former Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia, which is today eastern Poland and western Ukraine. Learn the fascinating origin of the de Austria surname; its meaning & distribution. Common Austrian Surnames Our Austrian name database contains 5. If you’re looking for onsite collections, visit their website & catalog. The AEIOU (no longer maintained) is an encyclopedia of Austria containing more than 14,000 keywords and 2000 pictures. In 2000, it was the 16,944th most common surname, but by 2010 it had climbed to the 14,749th spot. Genealogy resources for historic Galicia, including links to archives, databases, family search forums, and research guides for towns now in Ukraine and Poland. Galicia was a melting pot of different ethnic groups, including Austrians, Poles, Ukrainians, and Jews, who all contributed to the rich tapestry of Galician culture. Austrian Last Name Generator Discover authentic Austrian surnames with meanings, origins, and history. Other languages spoken are Croatian, Hungarian, Slovenian and Turkish. Uncover fascinating meanings that reveal Austria’s rich heritage today! Your surname can tell you a lot about your family history, including where your ancestors lived and their occupations. From ancient ancestral names to more recent ones brought about by immigration, Austrian last names offer a window into the country’s cultural tapestry. I'm writing a story based on real events and I'd like to change the names of the main characters (as I'm taking a bit of poetic licence). General & National Geneteka – Ukrainian section surname search Central State Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv – Contains scans of documents (in Ukrainian) Canada: Immigrants from Ukraine (1890-1930) – Developed from passenger lists and other sources Ukrainian Martyrs of the 20th Century – Over 100,000 victims of political repression (in Mar 23, 2024 · Common Austrian Last Names Many surnames in Austria are associated with professions or places of habitation. Austrian Holocaust Victims online database of 61,000 Austrian Holocaust victims. Resources, Searches, Mailinglist & Messageboard hints and directions. The surnames of all the countries in the world. Surname List - All Surnames: Our Family HistoryWebmaster Message We make every effort to document our research. What Austrian family records will you find? Census Record s There are 1,000 census records available for the last name Austrian. Jul 27, 2025 · Are you looking for Austrian surnames? Here are the most common, cool and unique last names in Austria with origins, meanings, and significance. Click on a surname to discover for free its origin, meaning, popularity and geographic distribution in map form. Jul 18, 2025 · Sometimes it is possible to guess where a surname originated through surname distribution maps. Aug 22, 2022 · Discover the meaning behind your Hungarian last names and search our list of the most common Hungarian surnames. We’ll continue to add more Austrian collections available online at FamilySearch. Discover your family history. Instead of searching surnames our surnames and places lists are also at your disposal. org Search historical records on MyHeritage History of Austrian surnames Austrian parliament in Vienna Austria The use of surnames in Austria dates back to the Middle Ages when people began adopting family names to distinguish themselves from others with the same given name. Discover the perfect Austrian last name for your family, book, movie character, or any creative project with the Austrian Last Name Generator. Explore Now! Try using these search engines to search for a surname. Apr 22, 2023 · Are you looking for the most common Austrian surname? Here is a list of the most popular, cool, and unique last names in Austria. In Austria we received a name and gender database from the Austrian government and merged it with publicly available data sets. See full list on tagvault. This list may not reflect recent changes. Additionally, the number of individuals with the last name Hungarian surnames Hungarian surnames are hereditary last names that are used by individuals of Hungarian descent in the territory of Hungary and the autochthonous Hungarian minorities in Slovakia, Zakarpattia (Ukraine), Vojvodina (Serbia), Burgenland (Austria) and especially Transylvania (Romania), as well as the Hungarian diaspora in the USA, Canada, Germany, Israel, France, and Brazil The most common surnames in Austria in 2025. Mar 10, 2025 · Explore a range of Austrian last names, from popular to unique, traditional to uncommon. Interestingly, many Austrian family names have French origins. at and Google. Answers for Austrian composer (surname) who died after his 7 down (8) crossword clue, 8 letters. Here you will find genealogy resources for searching your own family history particularly if your roots are from the Austrian crownland of Galicia (now southeastern Poland and northeastern Slovakia). Click at the top on DOEW-Projekt "Namentliche Erfassung" online for the search form Austrian Family History aims to provide a helpful source of information and tools to assist you to conduct successful Austrian genealogical research Answers for Austrian composer (surname) famous for his Unfinished Symphony (8) crossword clue, 8 letters. Explore ☆ surname distribution (a map where certain surnames are prevalent) in Austria. Austria Surname Map Belgium Surname Map Denmark Surname Map France Surname Map Germany Surname Map (Republic of) Ireland Surname Map Italy Surname Map (The How common is the last name Austria in the United States? Based on the Decennial U. Like a window into their day-to-day life, Austrian census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more. Official website of Germany Surname Map. Since internal boundaries did not exist within the Austrian Empire, many impoverished Galician Jews migrated to the capital, Vienna - often with an intermediate stop Austria: Here is the ranking of the most common family names in this country at Geneanet. We have personalised gifts which are decorated with some of our Austrian Family Names - Coat of Arms. Whether derived from occupations, geographical locations, or personal characteristics, these surnames offer fascinating insights into the lives and identities of Hungarian families. Aigner Derived from the Middle High German term aigen meaning ‘own The most common surnames in Austria in 2025. Additionally, the number of individuals with the last name Hungarian surnames Hungarian surnames are hereditary last names that are used by individuals of Hungarian descent in the territory of Hungary and the autochthonous Hungarian minorities in Slovakia, Zakarpattia (Ukraine), Vojvodina (Serbia), Burgenland (Austria) and especially Transylvania (Romania), as well as the Hungarian diaspora in the USA, Canada, Germany, Israel, France, and Brazil It is an Austrian surname, originating mostly from the (bilingual) Austrian parts of Carinthia and Styria, and a Gottscheerish (i. See also 4 below. Post a well formulated query (including background information): Here and/or Other WorldGenWeb sites for bordering countries Austria Mail List and/or other mail list Message boards Check and register in the RSL (Root Surname List) that you are working on this surname. Use the Searchbox above where Whitepages. Dive into a sea of Austrian female names and common last names now! Search 10,000+ Surnames & Last Names in our comprehensive & FREE list of family last names. If you have something you would like to add, please contact us. Searching for Austria records? This landing page is a guide to Austrian ancestry, family history, and genealogy: birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, etc. Many names have developed a large number of spelling variants, so you may find your name listed with the wrong spelling. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. 242 Austrian surnames and 17. The FORUM and WEB Archive of Hungarian Genealogy has been established to present you with a digital databases when researching in the field of genealogy aimed at greater Hungary. Find the perfect Austrian name or surname with Astrian name generator. Search multiple search engines in one single step ! Jan 10, 2024 · The Holy Roman Empire was the major political entity in the heart of Europe between 1500 and 1806. Languages of Austria: Main Languag: German. Most Common Last Names In Austria Forebears knows about 231,499 unique surnames in Austria and there are 37 people per name. Check the diffusion of your surname in Switzerland and discover the geographic origin. Start your Ukrainian genealogy research with this site. Arranged alphabetically by surname within each state. Feb 10, 2025 · Historically, Austrians were regarded as ethnic Germans and viewed themselves as such. Check with Austrian societies & research companies. Records in full detail are usually available via paid subscriptions to our service, however, records with surnames included on the list of most frequent surnames are freely available to anyone. Our results will show your coat of arms (Family Name Shield) and country of origin for that particular design. 44 biographies and photos with the Austrian last name. Ethnic Groups: Ethnic Austrians,German-speaking Swiss and Ethnic Germans. Explore the origins and meanings of this unique last name and its variants, offering insight into Austrian heritage and culture. A list of submitted surnames in which the usage is German (Austrian). Surname maps are generally created using information from censuses, electoral Mar 4, 2020 · The Geogen German surname mapping site is a time-tested resource for genealogists. Find the origin of any first or last name with Namsor's advanced name origin finder. Over the centuries, its population has given rise to a multitude of surnames that reflect the country’s fascinating past. Austria Marriage Index (1722-1898) An index to more than 25,000 marriage records, including personal details, names of relations and particulars of marriage. Find your family's origin in the United States, average life expectancy, most common occupation, and more. Let's explore some of the most common Austrian surnames and the stories they tell. These maps graphically display locations where surnames occurred at different periods in time. Find out if your surname is unusual or if it is a common surname in any country. Learn about your ancestry & the origins of your last name today! With the help of online resources, we can find our Austrian ancestors. Let's revisit and see what's new. Austria Czech Republic Fran… Most Popular First Names In Austria Forebears knows about 59,810 unique forenames in Austria and there are 143 people per name. ☆ RT—Census, House and Population Records in Vienna in the 1800s—20:06 May 12, 2022 · Available coats of arms (or family crest) image downloads from Austria, or Republic of Austria Republik Österreich. Discover the family history, nationality, origin and common names of Austrian family members. If you don't find what you want, you can also use a specific Facebook or Linkedin Search to find the right people. It works Polish Genealogy – Search surnames and family trees (in Polish) Skanoteka – Database of scanned vital records Surname Distribution in Poland in 1990s – Prof. Austria is a country in Central Europe with a population of roughly 9 million people. Pages in category "Surnames of Austrian origin" The following 62 pages are in this category, out of 62 total. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources. So as per usual I’ve been digging around my family tree with ancestry and found a man (one of the grandfathers a couple generations removed) with the last name “Porento” who was stated to be from Austria (just Austria with no village or city name given), immigrating to the US in the 1912-ish. For more top last names we think you'll like, take a look at Hungarian Last Names and Slavic Last Names. Pages in category "Austrian noble families" The following 69 pages are in this category, out of 69 total. Religion: 3/4 are Christians (Mostly Roman Catholicism Apr 29, 2024 · Austria, nestled in the heart of Europe, is a country with a rich history and diverse culture. Source: Geneanet database. Jul 27, 2023 · When Poland was partitioned among its neighbors at the end of the 18th century, the Austrian Empire (later, the Austro-Hungarian Empire) received the heavily Jewish southeastern portion of the country, which it named Galicia. May 22, 2025 · Guide to Austria ancestry, family history and genealogy: parish registers, transcripts, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records. Search US census records for Austrian Dec 11, 2024 · Discover common Austrian last names and their fascinating origins! Uncover the meanings and cultural significance behind these traditional surnames rooted in Austria's rich history and heritage. On mobile devices it maybe a faster search rather than scrolling through this list. If you would like to locate a particular Austrian surname from the names on this page, you can either scroll through the names or use your web browser’s Find or Search option (i. Common Austrian Last Names Many surnames in Austria are associated with professions or places of habitation. Find clues for austrian composer surname who died or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers. German surnames are family names that are commonly found in the Germanosphere, more specifically Germany proper, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg Oct 21, 2024 · Guide to Austrian Poland (Galicia) ancestry, family history, and genealogy: birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, and military records. Find out more today. 405 Austrian first names categorized by gender and frequency. Apr 15, 2025 · Surname mapping is a useful technique for a surname DNA project. Aug 30, 2024 · Hungarian last names carry a rich tapestry of history, culture, and tradition. Thing is, this surname doesn’t strike me as Austrian or German or anything like that. Today, there are over 700,000 different family names in Austria. Surnames: Search the ☆ Geneanet site for Austrian surnames. Austrian surnames are a fascinating window into the country's rich history and diverse cultural influences. English & German Brandl surname and family research. Military personnel sheets for soldiers of the Austrian army born within the following states of Austria: Includes Vienna (Wien), Lower Austria (Niederösterreich), Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), Styria (Steiermark), Carinthia (Kärnten), Salzburg, Burgenland, Tirol, and Vorarlberg. Oct 22, 2024 · Our Austria search engine limits individual search to Austria. Angerer A habitational name refers to a person living in a green meadow or village. Gottschee German) surname, originating from the Kočevsko region in Lower Carniola, Slovenia (see Kocevar ). After payment you can download the Austrian name database in CSV, SQL or JSON format. g. Vienna: Learn about ☆ tracing your ancestors in Vienna. Quickly generate surname distribution maps and discover the geographic origin of your surname. We're excited to The most common surnames in Austria in 2025. We will learn about links to pertinent documents, various research aids, as well as about local genealogical societies specializing in Austrian research. Surnames from the CarpathoRusyn villages of Swiatkowa Wielka, Dudynce and Hrabovcik. Access Jewish, Polish, Ukrainian, German, and Catholic records. Rymut index identifies count by voivodship (in Polish) Surname Distribution – Nazwiska w Polsce: Mapping of distribution and other data (in Polish) Regions Enter your surname and begin learning its origins, your potential family lineage, and where your ancestors most likely came from. Search a location near you, or schedule an online consultation to begin your journey. Mapping the distribution of a surname at different points in time will often reveal the origin of the family name and will thus provide a narrower focus for further research and for recruitment efforts. Other minorities are Serbs, Bosniaks,Turks,Hungarians,Croats and Slovenes. This represents a significant growth of 12. There are a number of ways to get copies of vital records (birth, marriage, and death certificates) in Austria. The most common Austrian surname is Mueller, which means "miller" in German. May 25, 2025 · Guide to Vienna Capital City and State ancestry, family history and genealogy: birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, parish registers, and military records. Aug 25, 2020 · Surnames in Austrian Galicia The Teitelbaums and the Shapiras, the Halberstams and the Rokachs In the German republics, surnames were a commonplace feature in Jewish communities, going back to the times of the Rishonim. Below there are a list of Country specific distribution maps. Learn meanings behind Schmidt, and 100+ surnames. Discover the cultural or geographical roots of names instantly and for free. Jan 24, 2022 · Surname distribution maps are very helpful in identifying a presence for a surname in a particular country. The Austrian Empire begin in 1814 and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, or the Dual Monarchy, after 1867. From Roman origins to medieval occupations and noble lineages, these names paint a vivid picture of Austria’s diverse society. Oct 25, 2020 · So, we present to you the list of some of the popular and unique Austrian surnames with their meanings and history. Census data, the popularity of the surname 'Austria' significantly increased between 2000 and 2010. Ukrainian ancestors will help to search for your ancestors and relatives in Ukraine, your Jewish ancestors, and your biological parents. Galicia Austria surnames often reflect Search First & Middle Name (s) Last Name Place your ancestor might have lived Birth Year Show more options Browse submitted Surnames Search By Daitch-Mokotoff (Best Search) Search by Standard Soundex Surname Search Options Enter your search criteria: ; Whether you are starting your Austrian genealogy search for the first time or hitting a wall in your journey, Trace is the Austrian genealogy research service you can trust to guide you every step of the way. It seems If you don’t findyour Austrian Family Name here – we may have it but not have added it to this page yet. To see if we have indexed records for your town, go to the All Galicia Database and view the scrolling list on the left hand side labeled “Record Sources” to look for your town name. A service of the Municipal and Provincial Archives of Vienna The pursuit of family history demands a step by step approach, beginning with family tradition and documents and passing on to main and then to Austrian Surname Searches - Austria-specific records and directories, etc. You can try our Family Coat of Arms Search page which would be more up-to-date and have more names from Austria added. To search for your family coat of arms just type in your family’s last name in the free search box at the top of this page. This is the most common surname in Austria. 2. Some contend, in fact, that the surnames “HaCohen” and “HaLevi” go back even further, originating over three millennia ago. Learn the fascinating origin of the Austrian surname; its meaning & distribution. Find clues for Austrian composer (surname) famous for his Unfinished Symphony (8) or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers. Explore the world's largest database of name meanings & distributions; and locate your ancestors in genealogical records ordered by place. Genealogy Austria – Research Your Family History in Austria Let us help you to explore your family historyand to find your Austrian ancestorsGenealogy Austria offer genealogical research services in order to help you find your ancestors in Austria and the countries of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Other common Austrian surnames include Schmidt (meaning "smith"), Weber (meaning "weaver"), and Bauer (meaning "farmer"). 1. Discover the origins of last names from Austria - uncover fascinating meanings behind Austrian surnames. Scroll the page and select the surname map generator. The most common surnames in Austria in 2025. Surname Maps in Europe | Info | E-Mail Welcome to the official website of Surname Maps in Europe From this website you can access to surname maps generators of main european countries. Discover the meaning of the Austria surname on Ancestry®. One prominent feature Feb 8, 2025 · Discover the prevalence of "Berg" in Austrian surnames. at provide you with People Search results targeted on Austria. Are they just Austrian surnames, or are there surnames from other countries? All the information about surnames in the world. There are lots of surname mapping sites out there, but this is the best one I know focussing exclusively on Germany and Austria. This database will help you, and ease both home and international research by fast and wide-ranging Internet ties. Tracing your Ancestors in Vienna - Some Guidelines In order to search for a person the complete name and an additional distinguishing mark is needed (date of birth, address at a given time). e. Gruber Upper German From German Grube meaning "pit", indicating a person who lived or worked in a pit or depression. Many surnames have regional distribution patterns. Jun 19, 2025 · 150+ Common Austrian Surnames Or Last Names, With Meanings Let’s discover the root and meaning of the most popular or common Austrian surnames and understand their significance in their history. Find on our map the geographical distribution of the Austria surname in different countries around the world. Understanding the origins and meanings behind Hungarian last names not only connects you to the past but also provides a deeper Austrian name generator This name generator will generate 10 random Austrian names. Austrian records on Ancestry Ancestry is a major source of information if you are filling out your Austrian family tree. Discover the origins, distribution, notable individuals, and genealogical insights of the surname Austria. Discover the most common surnames in Austria! Dive into the country's rich history and culture by exploring the origins of Austrian last names. 95%. Our article Resources for German Genealogy has some links of use to the Austrian researcher (for example, Matricula, also listed below) as well as tips for deciphering old Kurrent script (parish registers) and blackschrift typefaces (e. Ctrl & F for Windows & Linux, Cmd & F on a Mac, or Find or Find on Page on mobile devices Czech Genealogy RecordsIf your ancestors originally came from Bohemia, Moravia, or Silesia (the three regions of the Czech Republic), and you're working on your family tree and/or considering a trip to the Czech Republic to do genealogical research "in the field", this web site will help you understand the various records that are preserved within the 100+ State-run archives. Austrian genealogy involves the study of ancestors who originated from modern Austria or from other parts of Europe that were once under Austrian Answers for austrian composer surname who died crossword clue, 8 letters. Explore its rich history and global significance. Rusyn surnames from 1787 Austrian Cadastres, village census, Greek Catholic Church records and Ellis Island Search our database of 49,000+ surnames to uncover your family history, original meanings, and earliest recorded instances. A review of Austrian surnames can be helpful in tracing one's family history in Austria. We also maintain a large database of notable Austrian surnames at the following website. We update this list with new towns as members join or notify us of their research interests. Discover the meaning of the Lackner surname on Ancestry®. Any suggestions? Explore 31 million surname origins, meanings, distribution maps and demographics @ Forebears, the largest database of last names. Repeat the process every few months because vast amounts of information are added to the Internet every day. Search for your surname to learn more. We're excited to Surname Maps in Europe | Info | E-Mail Welcome to the official website of Surname Maps in Europe From this website you can access to surname maps generators of main european countries. The official web-site of Switzerland Surname Map. . Included are Austria birth records, marriage records, death records, military records and more. Angerer A habitational name refers to a Welcome to official web-site of Surname Maps of Austria Enter the surname and press the "Search" button to generate the map. These collections are all free to search. Jun 12, 2024 · Overall, the history of Austrian family names is a fascinating reflection of the country’s complex cultural and historical background. Whether derived from occupations, geographical features, or personal characteristics, Austrian last names tell stories of ancestry and tradition. Fraktur, seen in books and newspapers). Nov 8, 2007 · Finding a surname (person of Austrian origin) Check the search engine summary If you're looking for possible descendants that might still live in today's Austria, try the Austrian telephone directory (see also help) and maybe various e-mail directories: Most Common Last Names In Vienna Forebears knows about 99,091 unique surnames in Vienna and there are 19 people per name. We deliver these all over the world. Dec 23, 2024 · 1581-1919: Austria, Upper Austria, Catholic Church Records at FamilySearch; index & images; Also at MyHeritage ($) 1612-1966: Austria-Hungary, Roman Catholic Indexes at MyHeritage; index & images ($) 1614-1938: Upper Austria, Austria, Catholic Church Registers at Ancestry; images only ($) Austria, with its rich history and cultural diversity, has a fascinating collection of surnames that reflect its heritage. You are welcome to visit other sites created and maintained by us: RLog (currently unavailable) - a surname search Search from thousands of British (English, Scottish, Welsh), Irish, European and other surname coats of arms (family crests) image downloads. Unlock your family history in the largest database of last names. Learn the history and meaning of each surname in our detailed list. The Empire lasted until the end of World War I in 1918. Jun 22, 2024 · Galicia Austria Surnames In the region of Galicia, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, there is a rich history of surnames that reflect the diverse cultural heritage of the area. Give it a try! Dec 7, 2024 · Are you looking for the most common Austrian last names? Here is a list of the most popular last names and family names in Austria. Considerable groups of Turkish, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Hungarian Provides surnames being researched by the Burgenland Bunch genealogists. This wasn’t the case in Central Europe Oct 21, 2024 · Guide to Bohemia ancestry, family history, and genealogy: birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, and military records. Help and Learning Find a guide, in person or online We provide free guidance and resources to help you make more family history discoveries. Sometimes these changes may have occurred in more than one generation. Learn about 1800s census and population records for Vienna. These names, often passed down through generations, reflect the unique blend of Germanic, Slavic, and Hungarian roots that shape Austrian identity. tvlw usjfxxjqz vgou mdjkcrj jxasvf ponz cucgl psshzl pjc ydbd